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Reducedsize imageThese currency notes were issued for the Aschach A.D. Prisoner of Warcampduring World War I. The camp was located near the small townof Aschach an der Donau, which is in Upper Austria on the Danube River.The POW Camp primarily held Officers and Non-commissioned officers fromSerbia and Montenegro. The Serbian government estimated some 6000 ofits citizens died at the camp due poor living conditions, lackof hygiene and inadequate medical care.Today Aschach is a town of about 2000 people, whichis not much larger than it was during the Great War.

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Minimal effort wasspent on designing the notes. Both notes feature the samedesign on both sides. The front and back of the notes featurea 'modern'Austrian eagle. The light blue notes were issued from about 1916 to1918.

They both measures 110 x 70mm. Reducedsize imageAfter the collapse and dismemberment of the Austro-Hungarian Empirefollowing its defeat in World War I, coins disappeared fromcirculation. The state of Upper Austria issued these small, lowdenominationnotes to help alleviate the coin shortage. The 20 Hellernote depicts buildings in Upper Austria on both sides of the note,including the Churchof Saints Michael and Ursula and the Holy Trinity Column inLinz. One side of the orange 50 Heller note features the arms of UpperAustria. The other side is blank.Both notes are dated 1921 and were issued inLinz, the capital of Upper Austria. Reduced size imagesThis seven beautiful, old, multi-colored, Uncirculated banknotes fromcommunist Bulgaria is dated 1951.

The 3 and 5 Leva notesfeature an upraised hammer and sickle. A farmer and tractoris on the 10 Leva. A railroad construction crew is on the 25Leva. A peasant woman with a basket of roses is on the 50Leva, A woman picking grapes is on the 100 Leva and farmers pickingtobacco are on the 200 Leva. The backs of thehigher denomination notes picture Georgi Dimitrov, the first communistleader of Bulgaria.

The value of the note corresponds with its size,thus the 3 Leva is 120mm x 60mm while the 200 Leva is an impressive175mm x 90mm. All seven attractive notes featurewatermarks.

Reducedsize imagesIn 1930 The Central Bank of China introduced special banknotes, calledCustom Gold Units (CGU). Initially the unusual vertical notes were usedto pay customs duties, were backed by silver and had a fixed exchangerate of 1 CGU = 40 U.S. After 1935 Chinastopped backing the notes with silver. By 1942 the notes enteredgeneral circulation alongside other Chinese banknotes, with a value of1 CGU = 20 Yuan.

The notes continued to be used until1948. The front of the note depicts Sun Yat-sen,the founder of the Republic of China. The Shanghai CustomHouse is on the back. The notes were printed by the American BanknoteCompany. This set of 3 notes includes the 5, 10 and 20 Custom GoldUnits date 1930.In November 1935 China implemented a major currency reform whichremoved silver backing of the Chinese Yuan and outlawed the privateownership of silver.

New banknotes were introducedin 1936. This set includes the 5, 10, 50 and 100 Yuan notesdated 1936. The notes all have similar designs. Sun Yat-sen is on thefront and is in Chinese.

The back pictures the ImperialAncestral Temple in Beijing and is in English. The notes were printedby Waterloo & Sons in London. All the notes feature awatermark of Sun Yat Sen. ItemPM-CN-36SET CHINA 4 NOTE SET 5, 10, 50& 100YUAN NOTES 1936 P217-P220 F-VF $22.00HISTORIC BANK OF CHINACURRENCYThe Bank of China is the oldest and one of the largest banks inChina.

It was founded in1905 and was named Bank of China in 1912. It was one of four major noteissuing banks for the Republic of China. It currently issuesbanknotes for both Hong Kong and Macao, making it one of the only banksin the world to issue currency for three different realms.THE BANK OF CHINA'SCURSED BUILDING. In 1930 The Bank of China began to construct a new 34-storyheadquarters on the Bund in Shanghai.

It was built onproperty that had been confiscated fromthe Germans during World War I. Perhaps a departing German cursed theproperty. It was to be the highest building in theFar East. However, Britisher Victor Sassoon, the owner of the SassoonHouse (now Fairmont Peace Hotel) located next door, demanded that nobuilding be higher than his. The municipal government, underBritish control, limited the height of the bank building giving it achopped off appearance. In 1937 the building was topped outat a height of 15 stories and the bank issued new banknotes to mark theoccasion.

The back of the notes depict the Bank of Chinabuilding along with a partial image of the Sasson House on the left andtheYokohama Specie Bank the right. The front depicts Sun Yat Sen and havea watermark of the Temple of Heaven.

Unfortunately, the warwith Japan broke out the same year which delayed the completion andmove into the building. The bank was not able tomove into the building until 1946. The notes were printed byThomas De La Rue in London. In 1937 Japan invaded China, forcing the Chinese governmentandTheBank of China to retreat to the remote city of Chungking (nowChongqing). From there the Bank of China issued this blue 5Yuan,red 10 Yuan and purple 100Yuan notes dated 1940.

The 100 Yuan note isoverprinted 'Chungking' in English on the back, and in Chinese on thefront. Sun Yat Sen is on the frontand the Temple of Heaven is on the back of all the notes. Thenotes were printed by the AmericanBank Note Company in New York. The notes were among the last releasedby the Bank of China for the Republic of China, which ceased to issuenotes for China in 1942.

After World War II most of the Bank of China was nationalized by thePeople's Republic of China, which operates it as a government ownedcommercial bank. Ahead of China's takeover of Hong Kong and Macau,China insisted that the Bank of China be allowed to issue banknotes forboth territories. It is one of three banks that issues currency forHong Kong and one of two banks issuing currency for Macau. This 2015 Bank of China 20 Dollar note forHong Kong note depicts Bauhinia flowers and the Bank ofChina Tower in Hong Kong on the front. The distinctivebuilding was designed by I.

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Pei and was the tallest building in HongKong when it opened in 1990. The back of the note portraysthe shore of Repulse Bay. The note includes braille to assistthe blind and many security devices including, microprinting,watermark, security thread, SPARK (an optically variable magnetic ink)and iridescent ink.

The Bankof China Macau 10 Pataca dated 2008 features the A-Matemple on the front. Built in 1488, the temple is one of theoldest in Macau and thought to be the settlement's namesake. The backdepicts the Bank of China Building in Macau. It is the secondhighest building in Macau. The bank's name is in Portuguese'Banco da China'. Reducedsize imagesissued Military Currency starting in 1938 for use in the areas of Chinathat they occupied. Because civilians were forced to accept theMilitary Yen, which was not backed and could not be exchanged intoJapanese Yen, it cost the Japanese government virtually nothing topurchase whatever they wanted.

The initial issues of Military currencywere created by taking partially completed Japanese homeland notes andoverprinting them on the front and back with four large red charactersthat read 'Military Note'. Reduced size imagesThis set of four attractive banknotes from the Democratic Republic ofthe Congo features the country’s wildlife and culture. The2003 dated 10 Francs features native carvings, with a carving of acouple embracing on the front and one of a man holding a bowl on theback.

The 2003 20 Francs features a male lion on the frontand a female lion and her cubs on the back. The 2007 50Francs features a wooden mask on the front.

Theback depicts a fishing village on the Congo river and fish.The 2007 100 Francs note features an elephant on the front.The back depicts the Inga II dam and hydroelectric powerplant. Inaugurated in 1982, the 1400 Megawatt plant is to bepart of the Inga hydroelectric project that is supposed supplyelectricity to much of southern Africa. Due to poor management and lackof maintenance the dam produces only about 20% of its capacity and isnot even able to ensure reliable power to Kinshasa. Despiteits failure, plans are underway to build additional phases of theproject. All four notes have a watermark of the head of anOkapi and are Uncirculated. On April 6, 1941 Axis Forces under Nazi Germany invadedYugoslavia.

They promptly conquered and divided the nationalong ethnic lines, creating the puppet governments for Croatia andSerbia. Other bits of Yugoslavia were dividedbetween Germany's allies.

Croatia was nominally ruled by an Italianprince who never set foot in the country. From the Nazipuppet state of Croatia we have the 1943 1000Kunanote.

The note has an ancient frieze on the front andtwo Croatian women in fancy native costumes. It wasprinted in Germany by Giesecke& Devrient, a private company which is still printingbanknotes. With the collapse of Yugoslavia, the Serbian portions ofCroatia declared independence from Croatia, even before Croatiadeclared itself independent from Yugoslavia. The Serbsformed the Republic of Serbian Krajina and had their capital atKnin.

A brutal war broke out, and both Croatia (RepublikaHrvatska) and Serbian Krajina suffered from severe inflation asthey tried to finance themselves by printing money.Krajina was defeated in 1995 and reincorporated intoCroatia. From Serbian Kranina we have the 500,000 Dinara and500,000,000 Dinara notes dated 1993. Both notes have similardesigns. The notes feature the Knin fortress on a hill onone side, and theSerbian arms on the other. The Croatia 50,000 Dinara and100,000 Dinara are dated 1993. Both feature Croatianastronomer, physicist, mathematician, and philosopher RogerJoseph Boscovich.

Boscovich is famous for his atomictheory. In 1753 he discovered the absence of atmosphereon the Moon. The reverse of the notes have the Statueof'Glagolica Mother Croatia', a marble statue created in 1932 by artistIvan Mestrovic. The sculpture is of a mother holding on herlap a stone tablet with “History of Croatians” engraved in the oldCroatian script. The original sculpture has been in a'temporary exhibition' in Belgrade, Serbia since 1934.Serbia has refused to return the statue to Croatia.A bronze copy is at Zagreb University in Croatia.

Haderslev is a town in Denmark located near Germany. Unhappy with thetraditional political parties and reinforced by an agricultural crisesin 1926. Haderslev declared itself an independent 'Self Government ofthe Farm'.

The purpose was to establish a 'new state modeledafter ancient Frisian traditions'. In order to helpfinance the new government, Haderslav issued banknotes dated June 1,1927. They were denominated in Kroner but tied to the U.S.dollar. The inscriptions on the notes indicate '1 Kr. = 26/100Dollar'. The notes bear the facsimile signatures of thefounders of the movement. The movement fell apartabout a yearlater.

This brown 2 Kroner note of Haderslev hasinscriptions on the front. The back depicts archers shootingat a fleeing horseman, a design that was used on a 1920 Haderslevnotgeld note. It is approximately 110x73mm. It is ascarce and historic banknote from a failed 'new model state'. ItemPM-ER-1 ERITREA 1 NAKFA 1997 P1 UNC. $3.00ALSO SEE:FIJI$7 DOLLAR BILL COMMEMORATESOLYMPIC GOLD RUGBY TEAMFijirecently released a $7 Dollar bill to commemorate the Fiji Rugby 7sgold medal win at the 2016 Rio Olympics. It was Fiji's firstOlympic gold medal.

The front is in a vertical format andfeatures team captain Osea Kolinisau. Behind him is the flagof Fiji. Below is team coach Ben Ryan and the depiction oftwo winning tries being scored.

A watermark, in the shape of a rugbyball, depicts leading ball carrier Savenaca Rawaca. The backis in a horizontal format and depicts the winning Olympic team alongwith team officials and the Prime Minister of Fiji. When placed underan ultraviolet light, the gold medals worn by the players are visiblein gold color. It is an attractive, colorful note with manysecurity features and is the only circulating seven dollar bill in theworld today. These large, beautiful German notes were issued before, during andafter World War I by both the German Empire and the Weimar Republic.The blue 100 Mark is dated 1908Regardless of when the notes were actuallyprinted, they always carried the original date. The notesissued by the German Empire have a red seal and serialnumbers. The Weimar Republic continued to issue the noteswith the same date and designs from 1918 to 1922, but with a green sealand serial number.

The 100 Mark note features the crownedimperial German eagle on one side. The other side featuresallegorical figures representing industry and agriculture holding alarge portrait of the Norse goddess Freya. Freya is associated withgold, love, sex, beauty, war and death. Her name is the basisofthe day of the week Friday. The note measures160x105mm. Whenfirst issued in 1910 the note was worth about $24 (which had thebuying power of about $600 today!).

By the end of 1922 itwas worth less than a cent. These unusual 'multi-government'notes are impressive pieces of historical currency. Reduced size imagesThis set includes eight different attractive and historicbanknotes issued by Germany during World War I.

The war caused a majorstrain on Germany's monetary system. People hoarded coins andlarge sums were needed to pay for the war effort. Notesissued bythe Reichsbank were backed by gold and could be exchanged for gold upondemand.

Shortly after the war started the Reichsbanksuspendedconverting the notes for gold, though notes issued by the Reichsbankwere supposedly still backed by gold. Far more money wasneededfor the war effort than Germany had gold, so a new series of noteswithout any backing, called Darlehnskassenschein, wereissued.The notes were technically an interest-free loan to thegovernment. The Reichsbank and Darlehnskassenschein notescirculated together at par. This eight note set includes the 20 MarkReichsbanknote issued dated February 19, 1914. When initiallyissued the note could be redeemed for.23 troy ounces ofgold.

Asecond Reichsbank 20 Mark note was issued dated November 4, 1915. Thefront of the handsome blue note features two men pouring coins fromcornucopias. The back depicts a man rolling up his sleevesforwork during the day and a woman sleeping at night. In August1914, just a few months after the war started 1, 2, 5 and 50 MarkDarlehnskassenschein notes were issued.

The small 1 and 2 Mark noteswas issued to replace the silver coins that disappeared fromcirculation due to hoarding. Both notes have embossedseals. The blue 5 Mark note features two allegorical heads ofGermania, the imperial crown, scepter and sword. The brown 20Mark note includes the heads of Minerva and Mercury and the imperialeagle. The 50 Mark note, though dated 1914, was not actuallyreleased until early 1916. In 1917 a new, attractive 5 MarkDarlehnskassenschein note was introduced.

The note datedAugust1, 1917 features he head of a young woman with flowers in her hair onthe front and the imperial crown with oak leaves on theback. The dark brown 20 Mark note dated February 201918was the last Darlehnskassenschein note issue of World War I. The frontdepicts the heads of Minerva at the left and Mercury at theright. The back features a knight in armor and an allegoricalwoman. The note measures 140x90mm.

The eight notes grade VeryGood to Very Fine. Because we purchased a large hoard ofGermanbanknotes at a good price, we can offer this historic set well belowits current catalog value.

ItemPM-DE-WWISET8 SET OF 8 WORLD WAR I GERMANBANKNOTES 1914-1918, VG-VF $29.75EMERGENCY WORLD WARI 50 PFENNIG NOTE OF KIEL, GERMANYKielis an important seaport located at the mouth of the Kiel Canalwhich connects the Baltic Sea to the North Sea. It was also amajor base for the German Imperial Navy.

By thebeginning of 1918 the war effort was not going well forGermany. Though the German government continued to mintsilver 1/2 Mark coins, they were hoarded almost as soon as they wereminted, resulting in a serious coin shortage.

Tohelp alleviate the shortage and allow merchants and citizens to carryon commercial transactions the city of Kiel issued this emergency 50Pfennig note dated January 1, 1918. The front features the denominationand date in words and has a green under-printing depicting ships on theocean.

The back features the Kiel city hall. ItemPM-KIEL-50P KIEL, GERMANY 50 PFENNIG NOTE,JANUARY 1, 1918UNC. $3.00EMERGENCY WORLD WAR IBANKNOTE OF KIELThis 10 Mark note was issued by theGerman city of Kiel in the closingdays of World War I.

It is dated October 15, 1918, less thana month before the end of the War. Kiel, located on thestrategically important Kiel Canal which connects the Baltic Sea to theNorth Sea, was a major base of the Imperial German Navy. By 1918Germany was in a near hopeless position.

The Americans hadentered the war against Germany. Morale of its citizens and armedforces was low. The economy was a wreck.

It could not producefood to feed its populace nor produce enough arms to continuefighting. On October 24, 1918 the order was given for theGerman fleet to attack the Royal Navy in hopes of gaining a strongernegation position for favorable peace terms. Seeing thehopelessness of their situation, sailors of the German High Seas Fleetinstead mutinied. By November 4, the sailors, joined by soldiers andworkers had taken over the entire city of Kiel, taking control of bothmilitary and public institutions. Revolts quickly spread to othercities throughout Germany. On November 11, Germany having beenabandoned by its allies and tittering on collapse signed the armisticebringing an end to World War I.

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The note was an emergencyissue that was to expire on May 1, 1919, less than seven months afterits issue date. It measures 136x87mm and depictsthe Kiel city hall on the back. It is a little known buthistoric note issued during a turbulent period of history. ItemPM-KIEL-10M KIEL, GERMANY 10 MARK NOTE,OCTOBER 15, 1918UNC.

$6.00HIGH-GRADE WEIMAR GERMAN BANKNOTEThis 1 Mark note dated March 1, 1920was one of the firstnotes issued by Germany's Weimar government after World War I. Theywere needed to help relieve the serious coin shortage that developed inGermany during and after World War I. The note wastechnically were not legal tender but a non-interest-bearing loan tothe government. That did not stop people from accepting them as the lowdenomination notes were needed to purchase essential goods.When issued the 1 Mark note could buy about a pound of flour or half adozen eggs. The note includes an embossed seal and isprinted on watermarked paper. It is quite reasonably priced foran historic high-grade note that is almost a century old.

The Weimar Republic was formed after the defeat of the German Empire inWorld War I. Its early years were a tumultuous period ofuprisings, riots and massive inflation. It is named after thecity where the new German constitution was written and adopted inAugust, 1919, and lasted until the rise of the Nazis in1933. The 100 Mark note features twoimages of the head of the “Bamberg Horseman”. The horseman isan impressive 13th century sculpture in the BambergCathedral.

The BambergHorsman depicts a famous king, however which king it is is a matter ofdebate. The note is dated November 1, 1920, measures162x108mm and includesthe red Weimar Republic crest. ItemPM-DE-100M-20x100 100 OF THE ABOVE GERMAN100 MARK NOTES,1920P69 VG-VF $75.00SMALLCOLORFULGERMAN NOTGELD NOTESThesesmall paper Notgeldnotes were initially issued by towns during World War I to providefor small change.

Most were denominated 1 Mark or less and areusually less than 4 inches (90mm) long. By 1921 most noteswere being made to sell to collectors and the designs becameincreasingly colorful. The issues ceased after 1922 with thecollapse of the German economy. The colorful notes are a funand popular collectible. They have a wide variety of themes,including fairy tales, local history, monuments, and politicalsatire.

Most notes are Uncirculated. Every lot is different,though there may be some duplication between lots. They will make a funand interesting addition to yourcollection. ItemPM-DE-NOTx100 100 MOSTLY DIFFERENT GERMANNOTGELDNOTES, $79.50AN EXCELLENT BOOK TO HELPUNDERSTAND THE MANY MESSAGES FOUND ON NOTGELD NOTES:INFLATIONNOTGELD NOTESBylate 1922, inflation was racing out of control in Germany.The German government could not print money fast enough to keep up withthe ever soaring prices. Companies started printing their ownmoney in order to pay workers.

Municipalities also issuedtheir own currency to provide cash for the local economy. Allof this made inflation worse by increasing the money supply.We offer sets of these full-sized inflation notgeld notes, ranging invalue from 100 Marks to billions (milliarden) of Marks, dated 1922 or1923. Every lot is different.

Reducedsize imageNazi Germany introduced this 5 Reichmark note in 1942 to replace thewhichwere disappearing from circulation dueto hoarding. The front of the note features a German youngman, along with a small eagle and swastika. The back depicts a womanwith a sickle and a man with a wood plane, representing farming andindustry. Between them is a vignette of theBrunswick Cathedral and the Brunswick Lion statue.

The Lionwas commissioned by Henry the Lion about 1166AD. The statueis the oldest, preserved large sculpturefrom the Middle Ages north of the Alps. The note measures 140x70mm andis brown. The left side features a watermark of the numeral'5'. ItemPM-DE-MILIT10 GERMAN MILITARY CURRENCY 10REICHSMARK 1944PM40 AU-UNC.

$25.00SCARCE, FINAL BANKNOTES OFEAST GERMAN NOTESThese scarce 200 and 500 Mark East German notes are rarely seen in anycollections.They are the highest denominations ever printed by East Germany andwere some of the last banknotes ever printed by East Germany. Thenoteswere dated 1985, however the East German governmentcollapsedbefore the notes were released into general circulation. After thecollapse of East Germany the notes were put into storage in oldNazibunkers. A very limited number of notes were 'liberated' from thebunkersbefore the German government destroyed all of the remainingnotes.The front of 200 Mark note features a family standing in front of agovernment apartment complex. The back pictures a group of young schoolchildren and their teacher. The 500 Markpicturesthe East German Arms and the Staatsrat building in Berlin.

Note:'SPECIMEN' appears on this image for legal reasons, not on the noteitselfWinston Churchill is featured on the back this recent 5 Pounds note ofGreat Britain. Churchill, who led Britain through much ofWorld War II, is considered one of the greatest statesmen of all timeand is the only British Prime Minister to win a Nobel Prize inliterature. Next to Churchill on the note is an image ofWestminster, Big Ben (Elizabeth Tower) and an image of his Nobel Prize.Beneath him is his famous quote that he gave at the House of Commonsupon assuming leadership of the government in 1940 ' I have nothing to offer butblood, toil, tears and sweat.' The front depictsQueen Elizabeth and the Bank of England building.

The notehas a window depicting the Queen and Big Ben as well as a holographicimage that changes from ' Five'to ' Pounds'as the note is shifted. It is an impressive note for animpressive statesman.

ItemPM-GB-5P GREAT BRITAIN 5 POUNDS CHURCHILLBANKNOTE, 2015 p394 UNC.$12.50HELLBANK NOTESHell Bank notes, also called 'Spirit Money' are used in funeralceremonies inmany far-eastern countries to provide money and goods in theafterlife for the dead person. The term 'hell' justdesignates the place where the dead go, and does not carrythe negative connotations that it does in the Christianworld. A wide variety of notes have been produced, and makean interesting and inexpensive area to collect.

Weassembled a collection of 10 different Hell Bank Notes fromChina and Vietnam. It includes both traditional style notesexchangeable for goods in the afterlife and modern,multi-color currency style notes. Reducedsize imageThismulti-colored 1986 25 Dinar note of Iraq features the portrait ofSaddam Hussein and a picture of medieval horsemen charging on thefront. It was an attempt to link Saddam with great military victoriesin past centuries. The note was the first to bear theSaddam'sportrait. The back shows the ancient gate of Babylon at theleft,below it is a lion frieze. In the center is the Martyr’sMonument(al-Shaheed) in Baghdad which was dedicated in1983.

Whenthe note was issued it had an exchange rate of approximately $80 andwas the largest denomination in circulation. It was in use atthetime of the invasion of Iraq in Operation Desert Storm in1991.In 1993 the note was suddenly withdrawn and declared worthless. Reducedsize imageThis1995 Iraqi 250 Dinar note picturing Saddam Hussein was issued afterSaddam's defeat in the First Gulf War. Inflation was taking aserious toll on Iraq, so this new, higher denomination wasneeded. At the time it was issued, it was the highestdenomination note in circulation. It had an official exchange rate ofover $750, however on the street it would buy only a few dollars worthof goods.

The reverse of the note shows the frieze from the LibertyMonument in Baghdad. Because of the United Nations embargo,thenotes were printed locally on an offset press and lacked theanti-counterfeiting devices found on most banknotes today. Famous Italians and their works were featured on Italian banknotesprior to the introduction of the Euro in 2002. The attractive,reasonably priced, notes are popular with collectors throughout theworld.

The 1969 1000 Lire features operatic composer GiuseppeVerdi and a harp on the front. The back depicts the La ScalaOpera House where many of his works were performed. In 1982it was replaced with a new 1000 Lire note depicting Marco Polo and theDoge’s Palace in Venice on the back. Astronomer,physicist andmathematician Galileo Galilei is on the 2000 Lire introduced in1973. Also on the front of the Pisa cathedral and the LeaningTower of Pisa where his famous experiment on the effect of gravity onfalling objects took place. The back features a modernobservatory and the signs of the Zodiac.

Italy’sfinal 2000 Lire note was issued in 1990. Inventor Guglielmo Marconi isdepicted on the front.

Marconi won the Nobel Prize in Physicsfor his development of long distance radio and ship to shoreradio. The back depicts radio towers, a ship and an earlyradioWith the introduction of the Euro all of thenotes became obsolete and were withdrawn from circulation and destroyed. This beautiful and colorful Laotian 100 Kip note printed by the Bank ofFrance was introduced in 1957. The front features KingSisavang Vong, a chalice and Naga Dragons. The back includesa woman in traditional costume with a bowl of roses. Erawan,the three headed elephant appears in the coat of arms in the watermark.The large size note measures 170x107mm.

The note isUncirculated but has staple holes as that is how they were oftendistributed the NationalBank. We have a few original National Bank of Laos packs of 20 of the100 Kip notes which we can offer at a wholesale price. I suspect fewpacks of these high denomination notes have survived. Alsoavailableis the small Kingdom of Laos 1 Kip notereleased by the National Bank in 1962. The brownnote features a stylized mythological figure on the front and Erawan,the three headed elephant on the back.

The notemeasures 100x60mm. In 1979 Laos introduced new notes to replace the Pathet Lao Liberationnotes. The new notes continued to reflect the theme of Laotians atwork. Also included is the national emblem on the front of each note.The 1 Kip depicts parading soldiers and students in school.The 5 Kip shows shoppers in a store and logging elephants. The 10 Kippictures workers at a lumber mill on one side; doctors performingsurgery and a nurse checking a child on the other.

The 20 Kip depicts amilitary tank, soldiers and a patrol boat on the Mekong River on thefront and workers in a textile mill on the back. The 50 Kipfeatures farmers planting rice and the Nam Ngum hydroelectric dam. Itwas the first hydroelectric dam built in Laos. It suppliesmost of Laos's electricity and sale of its electricity to Thailand isone of Laos's largest exports. The 100 Kip depicts farmers harvestinggrain and a soldier guarding storage tanks. Reducedsize imageThis historic Latvia 50 Latu note depicting Kārlis Ulmanis is dated1934, the year Ulmanis made himself dictator of Latvia. The note was aconsiderable sum of money when issued, equivalent to about $300today.

Ulmanis fled Latvia after the 1905 Revolution inRussia and moved to the United States where he earned a Bachelor degreeat the University of Nebraska–Lincoln and later ran a dairy business inHouston, Texas. He returned to Latvia in 1913. In1918 he helped Latvia achieve independence and served at its firstPrime Minister. He served in various positions in lateradministrations as well. In 1934 he led a bloodlesscoup. Political parties and the parliament were dissolved,opposition politicians and government officials were lockedup. Ulmanis ruled by decree and made himself both Presidentand Prime Minister, which was a violation of the constitution.

In 1940Latvia was occupied by the Soviet Union. Though he cooperatedwith the Soviets, he was forced to resign and was arrested thenimprisoned.

Advanced Mathematics for Engineering. Text Book of Engineering Mathematics. Advanced Engineering Mathematics - RK Jain and S R K Iyengar Index. GATE - Mathematics (Maths for GATE exam) ~Stark. Higher Engineering Mathematics_B. Grewal Companion Text Kreyszig - Advanced Engineering. Documents Similar To Advanced Engineering Mathematics - RK Jain and S R K Iyengar Index. Skip carousel. Carousel previouscarousel next. Mathematics for Engineering. Ganesh - Engineering Mathematics II. Engineering Mathematics. Higher Engineering Mathematics_B. Grewal Companion. Advanced engineering mathematics /​ R.K. Jain, Rajendra K., 1951. Other Authors. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; New Delhi: Narosa Pub. Physical Description. Xv, 981 p.: ill.; 24 cm. Engineering mathematics. Engineering mathematics. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers. ISBN 1-84265-086-6. Printed in India.

He died in 1942 while he and other prisoners werebeing evacuated ahead of approaching Nazi troops. Thus,Ulmanis was both the first and last Prime Minister of Latvia during itsbrief period of independence between World War I and World WarII. The note also includes a watermark of Milda,the Latvian maiden that serves as a symbol of the nation. Theback includes the arms of Latvia. The two banks that issue currency in Macao, the Bank of China andthe Banco Nacional Ultramarino, each a released 10 Patacas banknotehonoring the Year of the Pig for 2019. Both notes havesimilardesigns.

The front of both notes include a stylized pig, birdandflowers, a Chinese zodiac and a color-shifting gold '10'. Thebacks depict the headquarters building for the issuing bank, childrenwith fireworks outside the A-Ma temple, and the stylized pig, bird andflowers. Security features include both a security thread andwatermarks. Both notes were printed by Hong Kong PrintingLtd.The last five digits of the serial numbers will match. TheNetherlands Antilles consisted of the Dutch territories in theCaribbean, including Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao, Sint Maarten, Saba andSint Eustatius. Though the Netherlands Antilles were officiallydissolved in 2010, Curacao and Sint Maarten continue to use NetherlandsAntilles coins and currency due to a disagreement over the details of areplacement currency.

These 1970 Netherlands Antilles 1 and 21/2Guilden notes were the last notes those denominations. The red 1 Guldennote depicts the harbor at Willemstad, Curacao with a numberofcargo ships. The blue 2 1/2 Gulden note pictures an ALM AntilleanAirlines DC-9-15 jet in flight. The jet, a hand-me-down fromKLMRoyal Dutch Airlines had entered the service for ALM in 1969, replacingpropeller planes. It was considered a sign of modernity,henceits placement on the banknote. The airline went bankrupt andceased operations in 2001. The back of both notes features thecoat-of-arms and a geometric pattern.

Reducedsize imageWorldWar I brought the fall Russian Empire. Initially the newRussian governments issued banknotes utilizing the same date anddesigns as the Czarist issues, making only a change in the serialnumber. The beautiful blue and pink Russian 5 Ruble notedated 1909was first issued by the government of Czar Nicholas II.

Whenfirst issued it was equivalent to 3.87 grams of gold, which is worthabout $160 today! The large vertical format note is 99mm x158mm.

The design incorporates the Romanov Imperial Eagle onboth sides. The notes issued by the Czarist government had a fullserial number consisting of two letters and six digits. Afterthe fall of the Czar in 1917 the notes continued to be issued by boththe Provisional Russian Government and the Bolsheviks, still dated1909, but with only a series number consisting of two letters and 3digits instead of a serial number. They are large,impressive. Large pieces of historical currency from a turbulent timein Russian history. These unusual notes were issued by the Soviet Union's V.

LeninChildren's Fund in 1988. For many years the Soviet Union didnot allow for private charities. The government was supposed to takecare of everyone so officially there was no need forcharities. The fallacy of this policy became increasinglyclear as the Soviet Union opened up under Mikhail Gorbachev's reformsin the 1980's and independent charities were again permitted.One the earliest and largest of the new charities was the LeninChildren's Fund. It was organized in October 1987 with the support ofmany top government officials, including Gorbachev himself.The organization took the name of a similar charity that had beenabolished by the government in 1938, ostensibly because all orphanedchildren were safely under government care. On the national level itadvocated policies to better support and care for abandonedchildren.

On the local level it built children's homes andprovided resources to orphanages and needy children. During the firsttwo years of its existence it was one of the most successful charitiesin Russia, raising over 200 million rubles through a variety ofactivities including a Christmas telethon and a weeklong rock musicfestival. The success however was short-lived. In1990-91 the fund received considerable negative publicity from itsLeningrad branch, with reports of cruelty to children, wastefulspending and authoritarian management. Other branchessuffered problems due to the lack of experience in operating acharity. And with the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991the name Lenin Children's Fund became a liability.

These 1988dated 1 and 5 Ruble notes were issued by the organization in exchangefor donations for building new children's homes. The brown 1Ruble depicts a cute young girl and children playing. The blue 5 Rublefeatures children skiing.

The backs summarize some of charitiesactivities. The watermarked notes are 152 x 60mm and were printed byGoznak State Printer. Vladimir Lenin is featured on this 1992 transitional banknote of theRussian Federation. The note was issued shortly after thecollapse of Union on December 26, 1991 and before new banknote designscould be prepared. The note is a slightly modified version ofthe 1991 Soviet 500 Ruble note. The front of the features aportrait of Lenin, the arms of the Soviet Union and the legend readsthat it is a 'State banknote of the U.S.S.R.' The back has aview of Kremlin.

The main difference is that on the back thenote is dated 1992 and has a guilloche in the watermark area.It is a colorful and unusual transitional note bearing the name of acountry that no longer existed when it was issued.